Name:
Hemivertebrae
Other Name(s):
Acronym(s):
Severity:
Genetic:
Idiopathic:
Predisposed Breeds:
Onset Age:
Overview
Hemivertebrae, also known as malformed vertebrae or butterfly vertebrae, is a congenital spinal deformity in dogs. It occurs when one or more vertebrae are abnormally shaped, resembling a butterfly on X-rays. This condition can lead to spinal instability or compression. The prevalence of hemivertebrae is higher in certain brachycephalic and screw-tailed breeds. Although many dogs with this condition do not show symptoms, the severity can range from mild to severe, potentially causing neurological deficits.
Causes
The primary cause of hemivertebrae is genetic. It is a congenital condition resulting from improper vertebral development during the fetal stage. This genetic predisposition is why some dog breeds are more affected than others.
There are no secondary causes for this condition, as it is primarily genetic. The deformity occurs because of developmental issues during fetal growth, with no environmental or external triggers.
Predisposed Breeds
Breeds predisposed to hemivertebrae include:
Symptoms
Symptoms of hemivertebrae can vary. Primary symptoms include an abnormal gait and weakness in the hind limbs. In severe cases, paralysis may occur because of spinal cord compression.
Secondary symptoms can involve pain and incontinence, alongside difficulty standing or walking. These symptoms may worsen if left unmanaged or untreated.
Other symptoms may include a hunched back or visible spinal deformity. These signs can indicate hemivertebrae, especially in predisposed breeds.
Hemivertebrae symptoms include:
- Abnormal gait
- Hind limb weakness
- Paralysis
- Pain
- Incontinence
- Difficulty standing
- Hunched back
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose hemivertebrae through physical examinations and imaging tests. X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are used to assess the vertebral structure and confirm hemivertebrae.
Clinical signs are important in differentiating hemivertebrae from other conditions. Intervertebral disc disease, vertebral fractures, and spinal tumors are potential differential diagnoses that need exclusion.
Imaging tests play an important role in the correct diagnosis of hemivertebrae. They help identify the severity of the spinal deformity and guide treatment decisions.
Treatment
Treatment for hemivertebrae depends on the severity of the condition. Surgical intervention may be necessary for severe deformities or spinal compression, while mild cases may only require monitoring.
Medication and physical therapy can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Pain management is important to ensure the dog’s comfort and mobility.
Management
Managing hemivertebrae involves regular veterinary check-ups to monitor the dog’s condition. Physical therapy and pain management can prevent progression and maintain mobility.
Lifestyle changes, such as controlled exercise and supportive care, play a significant role in management. Monitoring the dog’s symptoms helps in making timely changes to care.
Prevention
Preventing hemivertebrae is challenging because it is a congenital condition linked to genetics. Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the incidence in predisposed breeds.
Testing breeding dogs for genetic markers associated with hemivertebrae can aid in prevention. Early detection of symptoms can also prompt timely intervention to reduce complications.
