Name:
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Other Name(s):
Acronym(s):
Severity:
Genetic:
Idiopathic:
Predisposed Breeds:
Onset Age:
Overview
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), also known as bloat or twisted stomach, is a severe condition in dogs. It occurs when the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself, cutting off blood supply. This leads to shock and can be fatal without prompt treatment. While GDV is relatively uncommon, it poses a significant risk to large and extra-large breed dogs. About 2-10% of at-risk breeds may develop this condition.
Causes
The exact cause of GDV is not completely understood, but it likely involves genetic, anatomical, and environmental factors. Large and deep-chested breeds are especially susceptible because of their body structure. Genetics plays an important role in determining which dogs are more likely to develop GDV.
Secondary factors contributing to GDV include eating large meals, eating rapidly, and exercising right after meals. These behaviors increase the risk by causing the stomach to expand and potentially twist, leading to the onset of this condition.
Other contributors to GDV are stress and anxiety, which can affect a dog’s digestive system. Dietary factors like feeding from elevated bowls or a diet of dry kibble may also increase the risk.
Predisposed Breeds
Breeds predisposed to gastric dilatation-volvulus include:
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of GDV are a distended abdomen and unproductive retching. Dogs may also show signs of pain or discomfort, often whining or pacing because of abdominal pain. Early recognition of these symptoms is important for survival.
Secondary symptoms include restlessness, excessive drooling, rapid breathing, and weakness or collapse. These symptoms indicate the progression of the condition and require immediate attention from a veterinarian.
As GDV progresses, other symptoms can appear, such as pale gums, increased heart rate, and signs of shock. These symptoms reflect the severity of the condition and the urgent need for veterinary intervention to prevent fatal outcomes.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus symptoms include:
- Distended abdomen
- Unproductive retching
- Signs of pain
- Restlessness
- Excessive drooling
- Rapid breathing
- Weakness or collapse
Diagnosis
Diagnosing GDV involves a combination of physical examination, history, and imaging techniques. A veterinarian will look for clinical signs such as a distended abdomen and unproductive retching. Quick diagnosis is essential to start life-saving treatment.
Imaging tests like X-rays confirm the diagnosis by showing stomach distension and twisting. These tests help differentiate GDV from other conditions with similar symptoms, ensuring appropriate and timely intervention.
Potential conditions that should be differentiated from GDV include splenic torsion, mesenteric volvulus, and peritonitis. Correct diagnosis is important to prevent mismanagement and ensure the correct treatment approach.
Treatment
Immediate treatment of GDV involves stabilizing the dog with intravenous fluids and decompressing the stomach to relieve pressure. This is followed by emergency surgery to untwist the stomach and secure it to the abdominal wall, known as gastropexy.
Medication and supportive care are also important in the treatment process. Pain relief and antibiotics may be administered to manage discomfort and prevent infection. The success of treatment depends on the speed of intervention and proper surgical techniques.
Management
Post-surgery management of GDV includes close monitoring for complications, ensuring the dog receives adequate pain relief, and gradually reintroducing food and water. Long-term management may involve dietary and lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence.
Regular check-ups with a veterinarian are important to monitor recovery and address any concerns. Adjusting feeding habits, such as providing smaller, more frequent meals, can help reduce the risk of GDV returning.
Prevention
Preventing GDV involves feeding smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding vigorous exercise right after eating. These practices can help reduce the risk of the stomach expanding and twisting.
Considering prophylactic gastropexy in high-risk breeds may also prevent GDV. This surgical procedure secures the stomach to the abdominal wall, reducing the likelihood of twisting.
