Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Dogs

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also known as dry eye, is a condition in dogs marked by insufficient tear production. This results in dryness and inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. KCS is common, especially in certain breeds, and typically affects middle-aged to older dogs. The severity of KCS varies from mild discomfort to severe cases, leading to corneal ulcers or vision impairment.

The primary cause of KCS is an immune-mediated process that destroys tear-producing glands. This leads to lower tear production and subsequent eye dryness. Genetics often play a role in predisposition, with some breeds more affected than others.

Secondary causes of KCS include reactions to certain medications, particularly sulfa-based drugs, and systemic diseases like hypothyroidism. These factors can exacerbate the condition, leading to more severe symptoms if not managed well.

Other causes may involve congenital abnormalities, trauma to the tear glands, or chronic conjunctivitis. These factors increase the risk of developing KCS and highlight the need for regular veterinary evaluations.

• Cocker Spaniels
• Bulldogs
• West Highland White Terriers
• Lhasa Apsos
• Shih Tzus
• Pugs
• Pekingeses
• Boston Terriers
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
• Bloodhounds

Primary symptoms of KCS include persistent eye discharge, redness, and a thick, mucoid film over the eyes. These symptoms can cause significant discomfort and require prompt attention to prevent complications.

Secondary symptoms may involve squinting, pawing at the eyes, and sensitivity to light. These behaviors often indicate discomfort and should prompt a visit to the veterinarian for evaluation.

Other symptoms include recurrent eye infections and visible changes to the cornea, such as cloudiness or pigmentation. These signs suggest more advanced KCS and the need for ongoing management.

Diagnosing KCS typically involves a Schirmer tear test, which measures tear production. A thorough eye examination is also conducted to assess the severity of the condition and identify any underlying causes.

Veterinarians should differentiate KCS from other conditions, such as conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and glaucoma, through clinical signs and diagnostic tests. These differential diagnoses are important to ensure appropriate treatment.

Imaging tests may be used if there is a suspicion of structural abnormalities. However, the primary focus is on tear production tests and a detailed physical examination to confirm the diagnosis of KCS.

Treatment for KCS involves using topical medications like cyclosporine or tacrolimus to stimulate tear production. Artificial tear supplements are also prescribed to lubricate the eyes and alleviate discomfort.

Sometimes, surgery may be considered if medication and topical treatments are ineffective. However, this is typically reserved for severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Managing KCS requires long-term commitment. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor progression and adjust treatments. Medications should be applied consistently to prevent symptoms from worsening.

Lifestyle changes can help manage KCS. Ensuring a clean environment and reducing exposure to irritants support eye health. Monitoring for changes in symptoms allows for prompt intervention if complications arise.

While there is no guaranteed prevention for KCS, regular eye examinations help detect the condition early. Prompt treatment of any eye infections or injuries reduces the risk of developing the condition.

Maintaining a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle supports overall eye health. Genetic testing in predisposed breeds can provide insights into the risk of developing KCS.